I recently came across this problem on my work pc, as I remote desktop constantly during the work day, it really frustrated me when it stopped working. So after making sure that no settings had changed since it last worked, i.e. its set to all RDP connections in My Computer, Port 3389 was open on my firewall settings, etc, I discovered the following error in the Event Viewer:

Event Type: Error
Event Source: TermDD
Event ID: 50
Description:
The RDP protocol component “DATA ENCRYPTION” detected an error in the protocol stream and has disconnected the client.

After a little googling, I found out that this is caused by a potential condition between the Icaapi.dll and Rdpwsx.dll dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) which causes the private certificate key on the Terminal Services server to be un-synchronized.

To resolve this issue:

1. On the Terminal Services Server/Workstation, use the Registry editor to navigate to:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet

\Services\TermService\Parameters.

2. Delete the Certificate Value Name, a REG_BINARY data type.

3. Shutdown and restart the Terminal Services Server.

4. The Certificate Value Name is automatically regenerated.

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